hoomd_gsd/

file_layer.rs

// Copyright (c) 2024-2026 The Regents of the University of Michigan.
// Part of hoomd-rs, released under the BSD 3-Clause License.

//! Read and write data chunks in GSD files.
//!
//! Use [`GsdFile`] to interact with GSD files on the filesystem.

use itertools::Itertools;
use memmap2::Mmap;
use std::{
    cmp::{Ord, Ordering, PartialOrd},
    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
    fs::File,
    io::{self, SeekFrom, prelude::*},
    num::TryFromIntError,
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    string::FromUtf8Error,
};
use thiserror::Error;

/// The name buffer is a multiple of `NAME_SIZE` bytes.
const NAME_SIZE: u64 = 64;

/// Number of bytes in an index entry.
const INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE: u64 = 32;

/// Index entry as a usize.
const INDEX_ENTRY_USIZE: usize = 32;

/// Number of bytes in the header.
const HEADER_SIZE: u64 = 256;

/// Header size as a usize.
const HEADER_USIZE: usize = 256;

/// Magic value identifying a GSD file
const MAGIC_ID: u64 = 0x65df_65df_65df_65df;

/// Current GSD file version
const CURRENT_FILE_VERSION: (u16, u16) = (2, 1);

/// The size of the file index in new GSD files.
const INITIAL_INDEX_SIZE: u64 = 128;

/// Initial name list size
const INITIAL_NAME_LIST_SIZE: u64 = 1024;

/// Initial maximum write buffer size.
const INITIAL_MAXIMUM_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;

/// Errors that can occur during while decoding file content.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum DecodeError {
    /// Encountered an IO error.
    #[error("I/O error")]
    IO(#[from] io::Error),

    /// Invalid application string.
    #[error("invalid `application`")]
    InvalidApplication(#[source] FromUtf8Error),

    /// Invalid schema string.
    #[error("invalid `schema`")]
    InvalidSchema(#[source] FromUtf8Error),

    /// Invalid file identifier.
    #[error("invalid file identifier `{0}`")]
    InvalidFileIdentifier(u64),

    /// Index outside the file.
    #[error("index out of bounds (location={0}, length={1})")]
    IndexOutOfBounds(u64, u64),

    /// Name list outside the file.
    #[error("name list out of bounds (location={0}, length={1})")]
    NameListOutOfBounds(u64, u64),

    /// Name list outside the file.
    #[error("name list not terminated")]
    NameListNotTerminated,

    /// Cannot add any more chunk names.
    #[error("too many chunk names")]
    NameListOverflow,

    /// Unsupported version.
    #[error("unsupported GSD file version ({0}, {1})")]
    UnsupportedVersion(u16, u16),

    /// An index is not addressable.
    #[error("file index not addressable")]
    UnaddressableIndex(#[source] TryFromIntError),

    /// File content is not addressable.
    #[error("file content not addressable")]
    UnaddressableContent(#[source] TryFromIntError),

    /// Invalid chunk name string.
    #[error("invalid chunk name")]
    InvalidChunkName(#[source] FromUtf8Error),

    /// Duplicate chunk name.
    #[error("duplicate chunk name")]
    DuplicateChunkName,

    /// Corrupt index entry.
    #[error("corrupt index entry: `{0:?}`")]
    CorruptIndexEntry(IndexEntry),

    /// Invalid type.
    #[error("expected type {0}, found {1}")]
    InvalidType(u8, u8),

    /// Invalid number of columns.
    #[error("expected to read read {0} columns, found {1}")]
    InvalidColumns(usize, u32),

    /// Invalid string in chunk.
    #[error("invalid string")]
    InvalidString(#[source] FromUtf8Error),
}

/// Errors that can occur while creating or opening a file.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum OpenError {
    /// Encountered an IO error.
    #[error("I/O error while creating or opening `{0}`")]
    IO(PathBuf, #[source] io::Error),

    /// Cannot decode the file contents.
    #[error("cannot decode `{0}`")]
    Decode(PathBuf, #[source] DecodeError),

    /// Name length overflow.
    #[error("the name `{0}` is too long")]
    NameTooLong(String),
}

/// Errors that can occur while reading from a file.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum ReadError {
    /// Chunk not found.
    #[error("chunk `{0}` not found in frame {1}")]
    ChunkNotFound(String, u64),

    /// Cannot decode the file contents.
    #[error("cannot decode chunk `{0}` at frame {1}")]
    Decode(String, u64, #[source] DecodeError),
}

/// Errors that can occur while encoding data to write.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum EncodeError {
    /// Cannot add any more chunk names.
    #[error("too many chunk names")]
    NameListOverflow,

    /// File is not writable.
    #[error("file opened in read-only mode")]
    NotWritable,

    /// A chunk name was duplicated in a single frame.
    #[error("chunk `{0}` has already been written in frame {1}")]
    DuplicateChunkName(String, u64),

    /// Invalid number of columns.
    #[error("the number of columns must be greater than zero and fit in a u32, got {0}")]
    InvalidColumns(usize),
}

/// Errors that can occur while synchronizing data to a file.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum SyncError {
    /// Encountered an I/O error.
    #[error("I/O error")]
    IO(#[from] io::Error),

    /// File is not writable.
    #[error("file opened in read-only mode")]
    NotWritable,

    /// Name list outside the file.
    #[error("name list out of bounds (location={0}, length={1})")]
    NameListOutOfBounds(u64, u64),

    /// Index outside the file.
    #[error("index out of bounds (location={0}, length={1})")]
    IndexOutOfBounds(u64, u64),
}

/// Errors that can occur while writing to a file.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum WriteError {
    /// Cannot encode a write to the file.
    #[error("cannot encode chunk `{0}` at frame {1}")]
    Encode(String, u64, #[source] EncodeError),

    /// Cannot synchronize to the file.
    #[error("cannot synchronize while writing chunk `{0}` at frame {1}")]
    Sync(String, u64, #[source] SyncError),
}

/// Iterate over arrays of size M
struct ArrayChunks<I, const M: usize> {
    /// The iterator over scalars
    iter: I,
}

impl<T, I, const M: usize> Iterator for ArrayChunks<I, M>
where
    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
{
    type Item = [T; M];

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        self.iter.next_array::<M>()
    }
}

impl<T, I, const M: usize> ExactSizeIterator for ArrayChunks<I, M>
where
    I: ExactSizeIterator<Item = T>,
{
    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.iter.len() / M
    }
}

/// Implement a sealed trait for each data type supported by GSD.
///
/// This enables generic implementations that operate on these types.
mod private {
    /// Seal the data type traits so that users cannot add new types.
    pub trait Sealed {}

    impl Sealed for u8 {}
    impl Sealed for u16 {}
    impl Sealed for u32 {}
    impl Sealed for u64 {}
    impl Sealed for i8 {}
    impl Sealed for i16 {}
    impl Sealed for i32 {}
    impl Sealed for i64 {}
    impl Sealed for f32 {}
    impl Sealed for f64 {}
}

/// Data types that can be stored in chunk arrays.
///
/// GSD files store arrays of data of one of the following types:
/// * [`u8`]
/// * [`u16`]
/// * [`u32`]
/// * [`u64`]
/// * [`i8`]
/// * [`i16`]
/// * [`i32`]
/// * [`i64`]
/// * [`f32`]
/// * [`f64`]
///
/// The [`Type`] trait facilitates the generic methods including
/// [`GsdFile::iter_scalars`], [`GsdFile::write_scalars`], and others. When needed,
/// pass the type explicitly to these methods to read or write data chunks of the
/// given type. In some cases, the Rust compiler may be able to determine the type
/// from context.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::GsdFile;
/// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// # use tempfile::tempdir;
/// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
/// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
/// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
/// gsd_file.write_scalars(
///     "configuration/box",
///     [10.0_f32, 20.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
/// )?;
/// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
/// gsd_file.sync_all()?;
///
/// let box_iter = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<f32>(0, "configuration/box")?;
/// itertools::assert_equal(box_iter, [10.0, 20.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
pub trait Type: private::Sealed {
    /// Value denoting this type in the file layer.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8;

    /// Convert a native endian byte slice to this type.
    ///
    /// This is not the proper idiomatic way to do this, but it gets the job done
    /// with minimal lines of code.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self;

    /// Append this type to a native endian byte array.
    ///
    /// This is not the proper idiomatic way to do this, but it gets the job done
    /// with minimal lines of code.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>);
}

impl Type for u8 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        1
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        bytes[0]
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for u16 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        2
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        u16::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 2 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for u32 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        3
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        u32::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 4 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for u64 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        4
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        u64::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 8 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for i8 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        5
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        i8::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 1 byte"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for i16 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        6
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        i16::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 2 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for i32 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        7
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        i32::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 4 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for i64 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        8
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        i64::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 8 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for f32 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        9
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        f32::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 8 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}
impl Type for f64 {
    #[inline]
    fn gsd_data_type() -> u8 {
        10
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_byte_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self {
        f64::from_ne_bytes(bytes.try_into().expect("byte slice should contain 8 bytes"))
    }
    #[inline]
    fn append_ne_bytes(&self, v: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        v.extend(&self.to_ne_bytes());
    }
}

/// In memory representation of the GSD file header.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub(crate) struct GsdHeader {
    /// Magic number marking that this is a GSD file.
    magic: u64,

    /// Location of the chunk index in the file.
    index_location: u64,

    /// Number of index entries that will fit in the space allocated.
    index_allocated_entries: u64,

    /// Location of the name list in the file.
    namelist_location: u64,

    /// Number of bytes in the namelist divided by `NAME_SIZE`.
    namelist_allocated_entries: u64,

    /// Schema version.
    schema_version: (u16, u16),

    /// GSD file format version.
    gsd_version: (u16, u16),

    /// Name of the application that generated this file.
    application: String,

    /// Name of data schema.
    schema: String,
}

/// Details about the name list
#[derive(Debug)]
struct NameList {
    /// Name/id mapping.
    name_id: HashMap<String, u16>,

    /// Number of names in the map.
    n_names: u16,

    /// Insert position in the name list.
    insert_position: u64,

    /// Name write buffer.
    buffer: Vec<u8>,
}

/// Details about the index.
///
/// `n` counts the number of entries stored in the actual file.
/// `buffer` stores index entries in memory that have not yet been written to the
/// tile (as bytes).
/// `pending` counts the number of entries that are pending in the current frame.
///
/// Pending entries are those where `write_*` has been called, but not yet
/// `end_frame`. These should not be synced to the file to avoid having
/// partial frames in the file.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Index {
    /// Number of index entries stored in the file.
    n: u64,

    /// Index entry buffer.
    buffer: Vec<IndexEntry>,

    /// Index entry byte buffer.
    byte_buffer: Vec<u8>,

    /// Pending entries.
    pending: usize,

    /// Chunk ids that have been written in this frame.
    frame_names: HashSet<u16>,
}

/// Interact with GSD files on the filesystem.
///
/// # Overview
///
/// Open files with:
/// * [`open`](GsdFile::open)
/// * [`create`](GsdFile::create)
/// * [`create_new`](GsdFile::create_new)
///
/// Access file metadata with:
/// * [`n_frames`](GsdFile::n_frames)
/// * [`schema`](GsdFile::schema)
/// * [`schema_version`](GsdFile::schema_version)
/// * [`name_id`](GsdFile::name_id)
/// * [`find_chunk`](GsdFile::find_chunk)
///
/// Write data with:
/// * [`write_scalars`](GsdFile::write_scalars)
/// * [`write_arrays`](GsdFile::write_arrays)
/// * [`write_string`](GsdFile::write_string)
/// * [`end_frame`](GsdFile::end_frame)
/// * [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all)
///
/// Read data with:
/// * [`iter_scalars`](GsdFile::iter_scalars)
/// * [`iter_arrays`](GsdFile::iter_arrays)
/// * [`read_string`](GsdFile::read_string)
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct GsdFile {
    /// The underlying file.
    file: File,

    /// The file's mode.
    mode: Mode,

    /// Parsed copy of the file's header.
    header: GsdHeader,

    /// Memory map of the file.
    mmap: Mmap,

    /// The name list.
    name_list: NameList,

    /// The index buffer.
    index: Index,

    /// The array data buffer.
    data_buffer: Vec<u8>,

    /// Record whether the data buffer has been flushed this frame.
    data_buffer_flushed: bool,

    /// Length of the file in bytes.
    file_len: u64,

    /// Index of the current buffered frame.
    buffer_frame: u64,

    /// Index of the current frame committed to the file.
    file_frame: u64,

    /// Write buffered data when more than `maximum_write_buffer_size` bytes are buffered.
    maximum_write_buffer_size: usize,
}

/// Properties that describe a given data chunk.
///
/// GSD files store a set of arrays, uniquely identified by their *name* and
/// frame*. The [`GsdFile::find_chunk`] method search for a matching index
/// entry. The returned [`IndexEntry`] (if present) also carries information
/// about the dimension and type of the array.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct IndexEntry {
    /// Frame index of the chunk.
    frame: u64,

    /// Number of rows in the chunk.
    n: u64,

    /// Location of the chunk in the file.
    location: u64,

    /// Number of columns in the chunk.
    m: u32,

    /// Index of the chunk name in the name list.
    id: u16,

    /// Data type of the chunk.
    data_type: u8,

    /// Flags (unused)
    flags: u8,
}

/// Data types that can be stored in chunks.
///
/// Provided by [`IndexEntry::data_type`].
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum DataType {
    /// [`u8`]
    U8,
    /// [`u16`]
    U16,
    /// [`u32`]
    U32,
    /// [`u64`]
    U64,
    /// [`i8`]
    I8,
    /// [`i16`]
    I16,
    /// [`i32`]
    I32,
    /// [`i64`]
    I64,
    /// [`f32`]
    F32,
    /// [`f64`]
    F64,
    /// [`String`]
    String,
}

/// Choose how opened files can be accessed.
///
/// Pass a [`Mode`] value to [`GsdFile::open`].
///
/// In the [`Mode::Read`] mode, you can call methods that read the file, such as
/// [`GsdFile::find_chunk`] and [`GsdFile::iter_scalars`]. Calling methods that
/// write the file, such as [`GsdFile::write_scalars`] or [`GsdFile::sync_all`] will
/// result in an error.
///
/// In the [`Mode::Write`] mode, you can call both read and write methods.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum Mode {
    /// Read-only.
    Read,
    /// Allow both read and write operations.
    Write,
}

/// Read the first u64 in a byte slice (native endian).
///
/// Returns the [`u64`] and the rest of the slice. Testing in Godbolt shows that
/// repeated calls to this method can be optimized to a simple series of mov
/// instructions.
#[inline]
fn extract_ne_u64(bytes: &[u8]) -> (u64, &[u8]) {
    let (bytes, rest) = bytes.split_at(size_of::<u64>());
    (
        u64::from_ne_bytes(
            bytes
                .try_into()
                .expect("bytes slice should contain 8 bytes"),
        ),
        rest,
    )
}

/// Read the first u32 in a byte slice (native endian).
#[inline]
fn extract_ne_u32(bytes: &[u8]) -> (u32, &[u8]) {
    let (bytes, rest) = bytes.split_at(size_of::<u32>());
    (
        u32::from_ne_bytes(
            bytes
                .try_into()
                .expect("bytes slice should contain 4 bytes"),
        ),
        rest,
    )
}

/// Read the first u16 in a byte slice (native endian).
#[inline]
fn extract_ne_u16(bytes: &[u8]) -> (u16, &[u8]) {
    let (bytes, rest) = bytes.split_at(size_of::<u16>());
    (
        u16::from_ne_bytes(
            bytes
                .try_into()
                .expect("bytes slice should contain 2 bytes"),
        ),
        rest,
    )
}

/// Read the first null terminated string in a byte slice.
///
/// Returns the [`String`] without the null terminator. Also returns the rest of the
/// slice after consuming 1 null terminator.
#[inline]
fn extract_null_terminated_utf8(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(String, &[u8]), FromUtf8Error> {
    let null_range_end = bytes
        .iter()
        .position(|&c| c == b'\0')
        .unwrap_or(bytes.len());
    let (bytes, mut rest) = bytes.split_at(null_range_end);
    let s = String::from_utf8(bytes.into())?;
    if !rest.is_empty() {
        (_, rest) = rest.split_at(1);
    }
    Ok((s, rest))
}

impl PartialOrd for IndexEntry {
    #[inline]
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}
impl Ord for IndexEntry {
    #[inline]
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
        (self.frame, self.id).cmp(&(other.frame, other.id))
    }
}

impl GsdHeader {
    /// Parse the header.
    fn try_from_ne_bytes(value: [u8; HEADER_USIZE]) -> Result<Self, DecodeError> {
        // Validate the magic number first to ensure that we expect the rest
        // of the header to be formatted appropriately. Otherwise, later
        // error checks in this method will be examining undefined data.
        let (magic, rest) = extract_ne_u64(&value);
        if magic != MAGIC_ID {
            return Err(DecodeError::InvalidFileIdentifier(magic));
        }

        let (index_location, rest) = extract_ne_u64(rest);
        let (index_allocated_entries, rest) = extract_ne_u64(rest);
        let (namelist_location, rest) = extract_ne_u64(rest);
        let (namelist_allocated_entries, rest) = extract_ne_u64(rest);

        // Verify that all locations are addressable in the memory map once on
        // initialization. That way, it is safe to cast from the various byte
        // locations to usize in the read methods.
        usize::try_from(index_location).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        usize::try_from(index_allocated_entries).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        usize::try_from(namelist_location).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        usize::try_from(namelist_allocated_entries).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;

        let (schema_version, rest) = extract_ne_u32(rest);
        let (gsd_version, rest) = extract_ne_u32(rest);
        let (application, _) =
            extract_null_terminated_utf8(rest).map_err(DecodeError::InvalidApplication)?;
        let (schema, _) =
            extract_null_terminated_utf8(&value[112..178]).map_err(DecodeError::InvalidSchema)?;

        let schema_version = (
            (schema_version >> 16) as u16,
            (schema_version & 0xffff) as u16,
        );
        let gsd_version = ((gsd_version >> 16) as u16, (gsd_version & 0xffff) as u16);

        // Cannot pretend to have a valid header unless we are also sure that
        // the file version is one that we understand.
        if !((2, 0)..(3, 0)).contains(&gsd_version) {
            return Err(DecodeError::UnsupportedVersion(
                gsd_version.0,
                gsd_version.1,
            ));
        }

        Ok(GsdHeader {
            magic,
            index_location,
            index_allocated_entries,
            namelist_location,
            namelist_allocated_entries,
            schema_version,
            gsd_version,
            application,
            schema,
        })
    }

    /// Encode the header into bytes following the GSD specification.
    #[inline]
    fn to_ne_bytes(&self) -> [u8; HEADER_USIZE] {
        let mut result = [0u8; HEADER_USIZE];
        result[0..8].copy_from_slice(&self.magic.to_ne_bytes());
        result[8..16].copy_from_slice(&self.index_location.to_ne_bytes());
        result[16..24].copy_from_slice(&self.index_allocated_entries.to_ne_bytes());
        result[24..32].copy_from_slice(&self.namelist_location.to_ne_bytes());
        result[32..40].copy_from_slice(&self.namelist_allocated_entries.to_ne_bytes());
        let schema_version =
            u32::from(self.schema_version.0) << 16 | u32::from(self.schema_version.1);
        result[40..44].copy_from_slice(&schema_version.to_ne_bytes());
        let gsd_version: u32 = u32::from(self.gsd_version.0) << 16 | u32::from(self.gsd_version.1);
        result[44..48].copy_from_slice(&gsd_version.to_ne_bytes());
        result[48..48 + self.application.len()].copy_from_slice(self.application.as_bytes());
        result[112..112 + self.schema.len()].copy_from_slice(self.schema.as_bytes());

        result
    }
}

impl IndexEntry {
    /// Trajectory frame number.
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub fn frame(&self) -> u64 {
        self.frame
    }

    /// Number of rows in the array.
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub fn rows(&self) -> u64 {
        self.n
    }

    /// Number of columns in the array.
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub fn columns(&self) -> u32 {
        self.m
    }

    /// The array's data type.
    ///
    /// Returns [`Some(data_type)`](Option::Some) when the type is known and
    /// [`None`] when it is not.
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, IndexEntry};
    ///
    /// # fn do_something() { }
    /// # fn func(index_entry: &IndexEntry) {
    /// match index_entry.data_type() {
    ///     Some(DataType::F32) => do_something(),
    ///     _ => (),
    /// }
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub fn data_type(&self) -> Option<DataType> {
        match self.data_type {
            1 => Some(DataType::U8),
            2 => Some(DataType::U16),
            3 => Some(DataType::U32),
            4 => Some(DataType::U64),
            5 => Some(DataType::I8),
            6 => Some(DataType::I16),
            7 => Some(DataType::I32),
            8 => Some(DataType::I64),
            9 => Some(DataType::F32),
            10 => Some(DataType::F64),
            11 => Some(DataType::String),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Parse an index entry.
    #[inline]
    fn from_ne_bytes(value: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
        let (frame, rest) = extract_ne_u64(&value);
        let (n, rest) = extract_ne_u64(rest);
        let (location, rest) = extract_ne_u64(rest);
        let (m, rest) = extract_ne_u32(rest);
        let (id, rest) = extract_ne_u16(rest);
        let data_type = rest[0];
        let flags = rest[1];
        Self {
            frame,
            n,
            location,
            m,
            id,
            data_type,
            flags,
        }
    }

    /// Encode an index entry.
    #[inline]
    fn to_ne_bytes(&self) -> [u8; INDEX_ENTRY_USIZE] {
        let mut result = [0u8; INDEX_ENTRY_USIZE];
        result[0..8].copy_from_slice(&self.frame.to_ne_bytes());
        result[8..16].copy_from_slice(&self.n.to_ne_bytes());
        result[16..24].copy_from_slice(&self.location.to_ne_bytes());
        result[24..28].copy_from_slice(&self.m.to_ne_bytes());
        result[28..30].copy_from_slice(&self.id.to_ne_bytes());
        result[30] = self.data_type;
        result[31] = self.flags;

        result
    }
}

impl GsdFile {
    /// Open a GSD file with the given mode.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Open a file for reading:
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{GsdFile, Mode};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// # GsdFile::create_new(path.clone(), "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// let gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path, Mode::Read);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Open a file for both reading and writing:
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{GsdFile, Mode};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// # GsdFile::create_new(path.clone(), "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// let gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path, Mode::Write);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`OpenError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file does not exist.
    /// * The file is corrupt, unreadable, or there is an I/O error (see
    ///   [`DecodeError`]).
    #[inline]
    pub fn open<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P, mode: Mode) -> Result<Self, OpenError> {
        let file = File::options()
            .read(true)
            .write(mode == Mode::Write)
            .create(false)
            .truncate(false)
            .open(&path)
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::IO(path.as_ref().into(), e))?;
        GsdFile::from_file(file, mode).map_err(|e| OpenError::Decode(path.as_ref().into(), e))
    }

    /// Overwrite an existing GSD file (or create a new file).
    ///
    /// Creates a GSD file at the given path, overwriting any file that may already
    /// exist. When successful, return a [`GsdFile`] opened in write mode.
    ///
    /// Each GSD file contains metadata describing which application created the
    /// file, the data chunk schema, and the schema's version. `application` and
    /// `schema` are strings (and must each be less than 80 bytes). `schema_version`
    /// is a tuple listing the major and minor version numbers. In your code,
    /// replace `"example"` with the name of your application.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{GsdFile, Mode};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`OpenError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file cannot be created.
    /// * The file is corrupt, unreadable, or there is an I/O error (see
    ///   [`DecodeError`]).
    #[inline]
    pub fn create<P: AsRef<Path>>(
        path: P,
        application: &str,
        schema: &str,
        schema_version: (u16, u16),
    ) -> Result<Self, OpenError> {
        let mut file = File::options()
            .read(true)
            .write(true)
            .create(true)
            .truncate(true)
            .open(&path)
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::IO(path.as_ref().into(), e))?;
        GsdFile::initialize_file(&mut file, &path, application, schema, schema_version)?;
        GsdFile::from_file(file, Mode::Write)
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::Decode(path.as_ref().into(), e))
    }

    /// Create a new GSD file.
    ///
    /// Creates a new GSD file at the given path, returning an error when the
    /// path already exists. When successful, return a [`GsdFile`] opened in
    /// write mode.
    ///
    /// Each GSD file contains metadata describing which application created the
    /// file, the data chunk schema, and the schema's version. `application` and
    /// `schema` are strings (and must each be less than 80 bytes). `schema_version`
    /// is a tuple listing the major and minor version numbers. In your code,
    /// replace `"example"` with the name of your application.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{GsdFile, Mode};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`OpenError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file cannot be created.
    /// * The file already exists.
    /// * The file is corrupt, unreadable, or there is an I/O error (see
    ///   [`DecodeError`]).
    #[inline]
    pub fn create_new<P: AsRef<Path>>(
        path: P,
        application: &str,
        schema: &str,
        schema_version: (u16, u16),
    ) -> Result<Self, OpenError> {
        let mut file = File::options()
            .read(true)
            .write(true)
            .create_new(true)
            .open(&path)
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::IO(path.as_ref().into(), e))?;
        GsdFile::initialize_file(&mut file, &path, application, schema, schema_version)?;
        GsdFile::from_file(file, Mode::Write)
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::Decode(path.as_ref().into(), e))
    }

    /// Initialize an empty file.
    fn initialize_file<P: AsRef<Path>>(
        file: &mut File,
        path: &P,
        application: &str,
        schema: &str,
        schema_version: (u16, u16),
    ) -> Result<(), OpenError> {
        let application = String::from(application);
        if application.len() as u64 > NAME_SIZE - 1 {
            return Err(OpenError::NameTooLong(application));
        }
        let schema = String::from(schema);
        if schema.len() as u64 > NAME_SIZE - 1 {
            return Err(OpenError::NameTooLong(schema));
        }

        let header = GsdHeader {
            magic: MAGIC_ID,
            gsd_version: CURRENT_FILE_VERSION,
            application,
            schema,
            schema_version,
            index_location: HEADER_SIZE,
            index_allocated_entries: INITIAL_INDEX_SIZE,
            namelist_location: HEADER_SIZE + INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE * INITIAL_INDEX_SIZE,
            namelist_allocated_entries: INITIAL_NAME_LIST_SIZE / NAME_SIZE,
        };

        file.write_all(&header.to_ne_bytes())
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::IO(path.as_ref().into(), e))?;

        file.set_len(HEADER_SIZE + INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE * INITIAL_INDEX_SIZE + INITIAL_NAME_LIST_SIZE)
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::IO(path.as_ref().into(), e))?;

        file.sync_all()
            .map_err(|e| OpenError::IO(path.as_ref().into(), e))?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Populate the fields in `GsdFile` given an open `File`.
    fn from_file(file: File, mode: Mode) -> Result<GsdFile, DecodeError> {
        let mut file = file;
        file.rewind()?;

        let mut header_bytes = [0_u8; HEADER_USIZE];
        file.read_exact(&mut header_bytes)?;
        let header = GsdHeader::try_from_ne_bytes(header_bytes)?;

        let file_len = file.seek(SeekFrom::End(0))?;
        // Verify that the entire file is addressable in the mmap. This makes
        // the usize::try_from checks in get_index will not fail.
        usize::try_from(file_len).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableContent)?;

        // Provide the caller with helpful errors when the code would otherwise
        // access the memory map outside the contents of the file.
        if header.index_location > file_len
            || header.index_location + header.index_allocated_entries * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE > file_len
            || header.index_allocated_entries == 0
        {
            return Err(DecodeError::IndexOutOfBounds(
                header.index_location,
                header.index_allocated_entries * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE,
            ));
        }
        let namelist_range_end =
            header.namelist_location + header.namelist_allocated_entries * NAME_SIZE;
        if namelist_range_end > file_len || header.namelist_allocated_entries == 0 {
            return Err(DecodeError::NameListOutOfBounds(
                header.namelist_location,
                header.namelist_allocated_entries * NAME_SIZE,
            ));
        }

        let mmap = unsafe { Mmap::map(&file)? };
        let last_namelist_offset =
            usize::try_from(namelist_range_end - 1).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        if mmap[last_namelist_offset] != 0 {
            return Err(DecodeError::NameListNotTerminated);
        }

        let start =
            usize::try_from(header.namelist_location).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        let end = usize::try_from(namelist_range_end).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        let name_list = GsdFile::decode_name_map(&mmap[start..end])?;
        let index = Index {
            n: 0,
            buffer: Vec::new(),
            byte_buffer: Vec::new(),
            pending: 0,
            frame_names: HashSet::new(),
        };

        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile {
            file,
            mode,
            header,
            mmap,
            file_len,
            name_list,
            index,
            data_buffer: Vec::new(),
            data_buffer_flushed: false,
            buffer_frame: 0,
            file_frame: 0,
            maximum_write_buffer_size: INITIAL_MAXIMUM_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE,
        };

        gsd_file.index.n = gsd_file.count_index_entries()?;
        if gsd_file.index.n > 0 {
            let last_entry = gsd_file.get_index(gsd_file.index.n - 1)?;
            gsd_file.file_frame = last_entry.frame + 1;
            gsd_file.buffer_frame = gsd_file.file_frame;
        }

        // Silently upgrade writable files from a previous matching major version to the latest
        // minor version.
        if gsd_file.mode == Mode::Write
            && gsd_file.header.gsd_version.0 == CURRENT_FILE_VERSION.0
            && gsd_file.header.gsd_version.1 < CURRENT_FILE_VERSION.1
        {
            gsd_file.header.gsd_version.1 = CURRENT_FILE_VERSION.1;

            gsd_file.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(0))?;
            gsd_file.file.write_all(&gsd_file.header.to_ne_bytes())?;
        }

        Ok(gsd_file)
    }

    /// Read the initial name map from the file.
    fn decode_name_map(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<NameList, DecodeError> {
        let mut name_id = HashMap::new();
        let mut bytes = bytes;

        let mut current_id: u16 = 0;
        let mut insert_position: u64 = 0;
        while !bytes.is_empty() && bytes[0] != 0 {
            let (name, rest) =
                extract_null_terminated_utf8(bytes).map_err(DecodeError::InvalidChunkName)?;
            bytes = rest;

            // The GSD spec ensures that all names in the map are always terminated.
            insert_position += (name.len() + 1) as u64;

            let previous = name_id.insert(name, current_id);
            if previous.is_some() {
                return Err(DecodeError::DuplicateChunkName);
            }

            if current_id == u16::MAX {
                return Err(DecodeError::NameListOverflow);
            }

            current_id += 1;
        }

        Ok(NameList {
            name_id,
            n_names: current_id,
            insert_position,
            buffer: Vec::new(),
        })
    }

    /// Get the `id` of a name. Add a new `id` if needed.
    #[inline]
    fn get_id(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<u16, EncodeError> {
        if let Some(id) = self.name_list.name_id.get(name) {
            return Ok(*id);
        }

        let new_id = self.name_list.n_names;
        if new_id == u16::MAX {
            return Err(EncodeError::NameListOverflow);
        }

        self.name_list.n_names += 1;
        self.name_list.buffer.extend(name.as_bytes());
        self.name_list.buffer.push(0);
        self.name_list.name_id.insert(String::from(name), new_id);
        Ok(new_id)
    }

    /// Remap the file
    #[inline]
    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    fn remap(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        unsafe {
            self.mmap.remap(
                self.file_len
                    .try_into()
                    .expect("file length should be validated elsewhere"),
                memmap2::RemapOptions::new().may_move(true),
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Remap the file
    #[inline]
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
    fn remap(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        self.mmap = unsafe { Mmap::map(&self.file)? };
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Access a single index entry from the memory map.
    #[inline]
    fn get_index(&self, i: u64) -> Result<IndexEntry, DecodeError> {
        // get_index is an internal method, assume that any caller has already
        // called remap() if needed. Verify this in debug builds.
        debug_assert!(self.mmap.len() as u64 == self.file_len);

        let start = self.header.index_location + i * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE;
        let end = start + INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE;
        debug_assert!(
            end <= self.header.index_location
                + self.header.index_allocated_entries * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE
        );

        let start = usize::try_from(start).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        let end = usize::try_from(end).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableIndex)?;
        let bytes: [u8; INDEX_ENTRY_USIZE] = self.mmap[start..end]
            .try_into()
            .expect("slice should always be the correct size");
        Ok(IndexEntry::from_ne_bytes(bytes))
    }

    /// Get the size of a type given by its identifier.
    #[inline]
    fn size_of(data_type: u8) -> Option<usize> {
        match data_type {
            1 => Some(size_of::<u8>()),
            2 => Some(size_of::<u16>()),
            3 => Some(size_of::<u32>()),
            4 => Some(size_of::<u64>()),
            5 => Some(size_of::<i8>()),
            6 => Some(size_of::<i16>()),
            7 => Some(size_of::<i32>()),
            8 => Some(size_of::<i64>()),
            9 => Some(size_of::<f32>()),
            10 => Some(size_of::<f64>()),
            11 => Some(1),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Test if an index entry is valid in the context of the file.
    fn is_entry_valid(&self, entry: &IndexEntry) -> bool {
        match GsdFile::size_of(entry.data_type) {
            Some(element_size) => {
                let total_size = entry.n * u64::from(entry.m) * element_size as u64;
                assert!(entry.location + total_size <= self.file_len);
                if entry.location + total_size > self.file_len {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            None => return false,
        }

        // is_entry_valid is used before the file is fully loaded and the number
        // of frames is not yet known. Check that the frame is at least within
        // the number of allocated index entries.
        assert!(entry.frame < self.header.index_allocated_entries);
        if entry.frame >= self.header.index_allocated_entries {
            return false;
        }

        // There is no need to include buffered names here because
        // is_entry_valid is only called on file open, not after any write_
        // methods.
        assert!(entry.id < self.name_list.n_names);
        if entry.id >= self.name_list.n_names {
            return false;
        }

        if entry.flags != 0 {
            return false;
        }

        true
    }

    /// Determine the number of frames in the file.
    fn count_index_entries(&self) -> Result<u64, DecodeError> {
        let first_entry = self.get_index(0)?;
        if first_entry.location != 0 && !self.is_entry_valid(&first_entry) {
            return Err(DecodeError::CorruptIndexEntry(first_entry));
        }

        if first_entry.location == 0 {
            return Ok(0);
        }

        // determine the number of index entries (marked by location = 0)
        // binary search for the first index entry with location 0
        let mut l: u64 = 0;
        let mut r = self.header.index_allocated_entries;

        // progressively narrow the search window by halves
        loop {
            let m = l.midpoint(r);

            // file is corrupt if any index entry is invalid or frame does not increase
            // monotonically
            let entry_m = self.get_index(m)?;
            let entry_l = self.get_index(l)?;

            if entry_m.location != 0 {
                if !self.is_entry_valid(&entry_m) || entry_m.frame < entry_l.frame {
                    return Err(DecodeError::CorruptIndexEntry(entry_m));
                }
                l = m;
            } else {
                r = m;
            }

            if r - l == 1 {
                break;
            }
        }

        // this finds R = the first index entry with location = 0
        Ok(r)
    }

    /// Find a chunk in the index.
    ///
    /// Returns [`Some(index_entry)`](Option::Some) when the data chunk is present
    /// in the file and [`None`] when it is not.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [100_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// gsd_file.sync_all()?;
    ///
    /// let configuration_box = gsd_file.find_chunk(0, "configuration/box");
    /// assert_eq!(configuration_box, None);
    ///
    /// let step = gsd_file.find_chunk(0, "configuration/step");
    /// assert!(step.is_some());
    /// if let Some(index) = step {
    ///     assert_eq!(index.frame(), 0);
    ///     assert_eq!(index.rows(), 1);
    ///     assert_eq!(index.columns(), 1);
    ///     assert_eq!(index.data_type(), Some(DataType::U64));
    /// }
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn find_chunk(&self, frame: u64, name: &str) -> Option<IndexEntry> {
        if frame >= self.file_frame || self.index.n == 0 {
            return None;
        }

        let id = match self.name_list.name_id.get(name) {
            None => return None,
            Some(id) => *id,
        };

        // binary search for the index entry
        let mut l: u64 = 0;
        let mut r = self.index.n - 1;

        while l <= r {
            let m = l.midpoint(r);

            // We can map an error to None here because the unaddressable index error
            // would have previously been caught on open or sync.
            if let Ok(index_entry_m) = self.get_index(m) {
                match (index_entry_m.frame, index_entry_m.id).cmp(&(frame, id)) {
                    Ordering::Less => l = m + 1,
                    Ordering::Greater => r = m - 1,
                    Ordering::Equal => return Some(index_entry_m),
                }
            } else {
                return None;
            }
        }
        None
    }

    /// Iterate over an array of scalars in the given frame.
    ///
    /// Returns [`Ok(iterator)`](Result::Ok) when the data chunk is present in the
    /// file and `Err(`[`ReadError::ChunkNotFound`]`)` when it is not. Collect the
    /// iterator into a [`Vec`] to make a copy of the data, or process the data in
    /// place while iterating.
    ///
    /// Data written to a file is not available for reading until the file
    /// is closed or after a call to [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars(
    ///     "configuration/box",
    ///     [10.0_f32, 20.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
    /// )?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// gsd_file.sync_all()?;
    ///
    /// let box_iter = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<f32>(0, "configuration/box")?;
    /// let box_vec = box_iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();
    /// assert_eq!(box_vec, vec![10.0_f32, 20.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`ReadError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * A chunk by the given `name` is not present in the given `frame`.
    /// * The data type stored in the file does not match `T`.
    /// * The array stored in the file does not have dimensions `N x 1`.
    /// * The file is corrupt, unreadable, or there is an I/O error (see
    ///   [`DecodeError`]).
    pub fn iter_scalars<T: Type>(
        &self,
        frame: u64,
        name: &str,
    ) -> Result<impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = T> + use<'_, T>, ReadError> {
        let Some(index_entry) = self.find_chunk(frame, name) else {
            return Err(ReadError::ChunkNotFound(name.into(), frame));
        };

        if index_entry.m as usize != 1 {
            return Err(ReadError::Decode(
                name.into(),
                frame,
                DecodeError::InvalidColumns(1, index_entry.m),
            ));
        }

        if index_entry.data_type != T::gsd_data_type() {
            return Err(ReadError::Decode(
                name.into(),
                frame,
                DecodeError::InvalidType(T::gsd_data_type(), index_entry.data_type),
            ));
        }

        self.read_details(&index_entry)
            .map_err(|e| ReadError::Decode(name.into(), frame, e))
    }

    /// Iterate over an array of arrays in the given frame.
    ///
    /// Returns [`Ok(iterator)`](Result::Ok) when the data chunk is present in the
    /// file and `Err(`[`ReadError::ChunkNotFound`]`)` when it is not. Collect the
    /// iterator into a [`Vec`] to make a copy of the data, or process the data in
    /// place while iterating.
    ///
    /// Data written to a file is not available for reading until the file
    /// is closed or after a call to [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let position = vec![[5.0_f32, 3.0, -4.0], [-2.0, 3.0, -6.0]];
    ///
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_arrays("particles/position", position.iter().copied())?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// gsd_file.sync_all()?;
    ///
    /// let position_iter =
    ///     gsd_file.iter_arrays::<f32, 3>(0, "particles/position")?;
    /// let position_vec = position_iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();
    /// assert_eq!(position_vec, position);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`ReadError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * A chunk by the given `name` is not present in the given `frame`.
    /// * The data type stored in the file does not match `T`.
    /// * The array stored in the file does not have dimensions `N x M`.
    /// * The file is corrupt, unreadable, or there is an I/O error (see
    ///   [`DecodeError`]).
    pub fn iter_arrays<T: Type, const M: usize>(
        &self,
        frame: u64,
        name: &str,
    ) -> Result<impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = [T; M]> + use<'_, T, M>, ReadError> {
        let Some(index_entry) = self.find_chunk(frame, name) else {
            return Err(ReadError::ChunkNotFound(name.into(), frame));
        };

        if index_entry.m as usize != M {
            return Err(ReadError::Decode(
                name.into(),
                frame,
                DecodeError::InvalidColumns(M, index_entry.m),
            ));
        }

        if index_entry.data_type != T::gsd_data_type() {
            return Err(ReadError::Decode(
                name.into(),
                frame,
                DecodeError::InvalidType(T::gsd_data_type(), index_entry.data_type),
            ));
        }

        Ok(ArrayChunks {
            iter: self
                .read_details::<T>(&index_entry)
                .map_err(|e| ReadError::Decode(name.into(), frame, e))?,
        })
    }

    /// Read a string in the given frame.
    ///
    /// Returns [`Ok(String)`](Result::Ok) when the data chunk is present
    /// in the file and `Err(`[`ReadError::ChunkNotFound`]`)` when it is not.
    ///
    /// Data written to a file is not available for reading until the file
    /// is closed or after a call to [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_string("log/my_string", "Hello, GSD.")?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// gsd_file.sync_all()?;
    ///
    /// let string = gsd_file.read_string(0, "log/my_string")?;
    /// assert_eq!(string, "Hello, GSD.");
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`ReadError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * A chunk by the given `name` is not present in the given `frame`.
    /// * The data type stored in the file is not a UTF-8 string.
    /// * The array stored in the file does not have dimensions `N x 1`.
    /// * The file is corrupt, unreadable, or there is an I/O error (see
    ///   [`DecodeError`]).
    pub fn read_string(&self, frame: u64, name: &str) -> Result<String, ReadError> {
        let Some(index_entry) = self.find_chunk(frame, name) else {
            return Err(ReadError::ChunkNotFound(name.into(), frame));
        };

        if index_entry.m as usize != 1 {
            return Err(ReadError::Decode(
                name.into(),
                frame,
                DecodeError::InvalidColumns(1, index_entry.m),
            ));
        }

        if index_entry.data_type != 11 {
            return Err(ReadError::Decode(
                name.into(),
                frame,
                DecodeError::InvalidType(11, index_entry.data_type),
            ));
        }

        let array = self
            .read_details::<u8>(&index_entry)
            .map_err(|e| ReadError::Decode(name.into(), frame, e))?
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        String::from_utf8(array)
            .map_err(|e| ReadError::Decode(name.into(), frame, DecodeError::InvalidString(e)))
    }

    /// Implement the details of `iter_scalars` and `iter_arrays`.
    fn read_details<T: Type>(
        &self,
        index_entry: &IndexEntry,
    ) -> Result<impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = T> + use<'_, T>, DecodeError> {
        let n_elements = index_entry.n * u64::from(index_entry.m);
        let n_bytes = usize::try_from(n_elements * size_of::<T>() as u64)
            .map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableContent)?;

        let location =
            usize::try_from(index_entry.location).map_err(DecodeError::UnaddressableContent)?;

        if index_entry.location == 0 {
            return Err(DecodeError::CorruptIndexEntry(index_entry.clone()));
        }

        debug_assert!(location + n_bytes <= self.mmap.len());

        Ok(self.mmap[location..location + n_bytes]
            .chunks(size_of::<T>())
            .map(T::from_ne_byte_slice))
    }

    /// Append an array of scalar values to the current frame.
    ///
    /// `write_scalars` writes one-dimensional array data to a named chunk in the
    /// current frame of the GSD file. Call [`end_frame`](GsdFile::end_frame) to
    /// complete the frame and start the next.
    ///
    /// <div class="warning">
    ///
    /// Dropping a [`GsdFile`] will also drop any pending data chunks in incomplete
    /// frames.
    ///
    /// </div>
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars(
    ///     "configuration/box",
    ///     [10.0_f32, 20.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
    /// )?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`WriteError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file is not opened in a write mode.
    /// * There are no available chunk identifiers.
    /// * A chunk with the same name has already been written in this frame.
    /// * There is an I/O error while writing to the file.
    pub fn write_scalars<T, I>(&mut self, name: &str, data: I) -> Result<(), WriteError>
    where
        T: Type,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
    {
        let data = data.into_iter();

        self.write_details(name, 1, T::gsd_data_type(), |buffer: &mut Vec<u8>| -> u64 {
            let mut len = 0;
            for value in data {
                value.append_ne_bytes(buffer);
                len += 1;
            }
            len
        })
    }

    /// Append an array of array values to the current frame.
    ///
    /// `write_arrays` writes two-dimensional array data to a named chunk in the
    /// current frame of the GSD file. Call [`end_frame`](GsdFile::end_frame) to
    /// complete the frame and start the next.
    ///
    /// <div class="warning">
    ///
    /// Dropping a [`GsdFile`] will also drop any pending data chunks in incomplete
    /// frames.
    ///
    /// </div>
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let position = vec![[5.0_f32, 3.0, -4.0], [-2.0, 3.0, -6.0]];
    ///
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_arrays("particles/position", position.iter().copied())?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`WriteError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file is not opened i* n a write mode.
    /// * There are no available chunk identifiers.
    /// * A chunk with the same name has already been written in this frame.
    /// * `M` is 0.
    /// * `M` cannot be represented by a `u32`.
    pub fn write_arrays<T, I, const M: usize>(
        &mut self,
        name: &str,
        data: I,
    ) -> Result<(), WriteError>
    where
        T: Type,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = [T; M]>,
    {
        if M == 0 {
            return Err(WriteError::Encode(
                name.into(),
                self.buffer_frame,
                EncodeError::InvalidColumns(M),
            ));
        }

        let columns = u32::try_from(M).or(Err(WriteError::Encode(
            name.into(),
            self.buffer_frame,
            EncodeError::InvalidColumns(M),
        )))?;

        let data = data.into_iter();

        self.write_details(
            name,
            columns,
            T::gsd_data_type(),
            |buffer: &mut Vec<u8>| -> u64 {
                let mut len = 0;
                for element in data {
                    len += 1;
                    for value in element {
                        value.append_ne_bytes(buffer);
                    }
                }
                len
            },
        )
    }

    /// Append a string to the current frame.
    ///
    /// `write_string` writes a UTF-8 string to a named chunk in the*  current frame
    /// of the GSD file. Call [`end_frame`](GsdFile::end_frame) to complete the
    /// frame and start the next.
    ///
    /// <div class="warning">
    ///
    /// Dropping a [`GsdFile`] will also drop any pending data chunks in incomplete
    /// frames.
    ///
    /// </div>
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_string("log/my_string", "Hello, GSD.")?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`WriteError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file is not opened in a write mode.
    /// * There are no available chunk identifiers.
    /// * A chunk with the same name has already been written in this frame.
    pub fn write_string(&mut self, name: &str, data: &str) -> Result<(), WriteError> {
        let data = data.as_bytes();

        self.write_details(name, 1, 11, |buffer: &mut Vec<u8>| -> u64 {
            buffer.extend(data);
            data.len() as u64
        })
    }

    /// Common code used in all write_ methods.
    ///
    /// The `append` callable must return the number of rows added to the buffer.
    fn write_details<F>(
        &mut self,
        name: &str,
        columns: u32,
        data_type: u8,
        append: F,
    ) -> Result<(), WriteError>
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Vec<u8>) -> u64,
    {
        if self.mode != Mode::Write {
            return Err(WriteError::Encode(
                name.into(),
                self.buffer_frame,
                EncodeError::NotWritable,
            ));
        }

        let location = self.file_len + self.data_buffer.len() as u64;

        let id = self
            .get_id(name)
            .map_err(|e| WriteError::Encode(name.into(), self.buffer_frame, e))?;

        if !self.index.frame_names.insert(id) {
            return Err(WriteError::Encode(
                name.into(),
                self.buffer_frame,
                EncodeError::DuplicateChunkName(name.into(), self.buffer_frame),
            ));
        }

        // This implementation is a departure from the GSD C implementation
        // which would eagerly write large arrays directly to the file before
        // flushing the previous entries. That complicated the code and
        // required two index buffers that needed to be patched up.
        // This implementation always appends data to the write buffer
        // (via the append call).
        //
        // The Rust implementation always writes full data chunks into the
        // buffer, but flushes the buffer first in, first out. That way, no
        // index entries need to be patched up. When the buffer is flushed here,
        // we do need to flag to `end_frame` that `sync_all` needs to be called.
        let rows = append(&mut self.data_buffer);

        // write_* doesn't actually write any data to the file itself. For
        // performance, it buffers all writes. Above, `get_id` appended any
        // new names to `self.name_list.buffer`. Now, `write_scalars` needs to
        // construct the index entry and put the bytes of the array in the data
        // buffer. `sync_all` will write the data buffer first, so all index
        // entries can be constructed with the known location:
        // file_len + currently buffered bytes.
        let index_entry = IndexEntry {
            frame: self.buffer_frame,
            n: rows,
            m: columns,
            location,
            id,
            data_type,
            flags: 0,
        };

        self.index.buffer.push(index_entry);
        self.index.pending += 1;

        if self.data_buffer.len() >= self.maximum_write_buffer_size {
            self.flush_data()
                .map_err(|e| WriteError::Sync(name.into(), self.buffer_frame, e))?;
            self.data_buffer_flushed = true;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Complete the current frame.
    ///
    /// Commits previous calls to `write_*` methods to the current frame. Calls to
    /// `write_*` methods following `end_frame` will write to the next frame.
    ///
    /// Calling `end_frame` does **not** ensure that all buffered data is synced to
    /// the filesystem. Call [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all) to do so.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [100_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    ///
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [200_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    ///
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [300_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`EncodeError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file is not opened in a write mode.
    pub fn end_frame(&mut self) -> Result<(), EncodeError> {
        if self.mode != Mode::Write {
            return Err(EncodeError::NotWritable);
        }

        self.buffer_frame += 1;
        self.index.pending = 0;
        self.index.frame_names.clear();

        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    /// The number of frames *written to the file*.
    ///
    /// `n_frames` returns the number of frames *available to read* from the file.
    /// Each call to [`end_frame`](GsdFile::end_frame) increments the number of
    /// frames, but they are not written to the file until it is closed or by a call
    /// to [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all).
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::{DataType, GsdFile};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [100_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    ///
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [200_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    ///
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [300_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    /// gsd_file.sync_all()?;
    ///
    /// let n_frames = gsd_file.n_frames();
    /// assert_eq!(n_frames, 3);
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn n_frames(&self) -> u64 {
        self.file_frame
    }

    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    /// Provide the mapping from data chunk names to ids.
    ///
    /// The mapping includes keys for all data chunk names in the file.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::GsdFile;
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let position = vec![[5.0_f32, 3.0, -4.0], [-2.0, 3.0, -6.0]];
    ///
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars("configuration/step", [100_000_u64])?;
    /// gsd_file.write_scalars(
    ///     "configuration/box",
    ///     [10.0_f32, 20.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
    /// )?;
    /// gsd_file.write_arrays("particles/position", position.iter().copied())?;
    /// gsd_file.end_frame()?;
    ///
    /// let name_id = gsd_file.name_id();
    /// assert!(name_id.contains_key("configuration/step"));
    /// assert!(name_id.contains_key("configuration/box"));
    /// assert!(name_id.contains_key("particles/position"));
    /// assert!(!name_id.contains_key("particles/orientation"));
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn name_id(&self) -> &HashMap<String, u16> {
        &self.name_list.name_id
    }

    /// The name of the application used to write the file.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::GsdFile;
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    ///
    /// let application = gsd_file.application();
    /// assert_eq!(application, "example");
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn application(&self) -> &str {
        &self.header.application
    }

    /// The schema that describes the expected data chunks.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::GsdFile;
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    ///
    /// let schema = gsd_file.schema();
    /// assert_eq!(schema, "hoomd");
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn schema(&self) -> &str {
        &self.header.schema
    }

    /// The schema version (major, minor).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use hoomd_gsd::file_layer::GsdFile;
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// # use tempfile::tempdir;
    /// # let tmp_dir = tempdir().expect("temp dir should be created");
    /// # let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
    /// let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create_new(path, "example", "hoomd", (1, 4))?;
    ///
    /// let schema_version = gsd_file.schema_version();
    /// assert_eq!(schema_version, (1, 4));
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn schema_version(&self) -> (u16, u16) {
        self.header.schema_version
    }

    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    /// The maximum number of bytes to store in the write buffer.
    pub fn maximum_write_buffer_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.maximum_write_buffer_size
    }

    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    /// Mutable reference to the maximum number of bytes to store in the write buffer.
    pub fn maximum_write_buffer_size_mut(&mut self) -> &mut usize {
        &mut self.maximum_write_buffer_size
    }

    /// Flush data buffer to the filesystem.
    ///
    /// Returns true when any data was written to the file.
    fn flush_data(&mut self) -> Result<bool, SyncError> {
        if self.data_buffer.is_empty() {
            Ok(false)
        } else {
            let current_len = self.file.seek(SeekFrom::End(0))?;
            debug_assert_eq!(current_len, self.file_len);
            self.file.write_all(&self.data_buffer)?;
            self.file_len += self.data_buffer.len() as u64;
            self.data_buffer.clear();
            Ok(true)
        }
    }

    /// Flush the name buffer to the filesystem.
    ///
    /// Returns true when any data was written to the file.
    fn flush_names(&mut self) -> Result<bool, SyncError> {
        if self.name_list.buffer.is_empty() {
            Ok(false)
        } else {
            if self.name_list.insert_position + self.name_list.buffer.len() as u64
                > self.header.namelist_allocated_entries * NAME_SIZE
            {
                self.expand_name_list_to(
                    self.name_list.insert_position + self.name_list.buffer.len() as u64,
                )?;
            }
            debug_assert!(
                self.name_list.insert_position + self.name_list.buffer.len() as u64
                    <= self.header.namelist_allocated_entries * NAME_SIZE
            );
            self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(
                self.header.namelist_location + self.name_list.insert_position,
            ))?;
            self.file.write_all(&self.name_list.buffer)?;
            self.name_list.insert_position += self.name_list.buffer.len() as u64;
            self.name_list.buffer.clear();
            Ok(true)
        }
    }

    /// Write buffered data to the filesystem.
    ///
    /// `sync_all` ensures that the data and indices for all complete frames is
    /// written to the filesystem.
    ///
    /// In most cases, callers should not call `sync_all` manually. It will be
    /// called automatically when a [`GsdFile`] is dropped. Call `sync_all` only
    /// when you need to read data arrays written in previous frames or when you
    /// want to ensure that all data up to a specific frame are present in the file.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`SyncError`] when any of the following occur:
    /// * The file is not opened in a write mode.
    /// * An I/O error writing to the file.
    pub fn sync_all(&mut self) -> Result<(), SyncError> {
        if self.mode != Mode::Write {
            return Err(SyncError::NotWritable);
        }

        let mut need_remap = false;

        // Write the data buffer to the file first. Should any error occur here,
        // the file might have some extra bytes at the end, but the index of
        // written data so far will be correct.
        if self.flush_data()? || self.data_buffer_flushed {
            need_remap = true;
            self.data_buffer_flushed = false;
            self.file.sync_all()?;
        }

        // Write the new name next to ensure that the references in the index
        // will be consistent with the names.
        self.flush_names()?;

        // Now write all the non-pending index entries.
        // Index entries must be sorted by (frame, id) to be valid. Given that
        // pending index entries are guaranteed to have `frame+1`, we do not
        // need to sort the pending entries here.
        let index_entries_to_write = self.index.buffer.len() - self.index.pending;
        if index_entries_to_write > 0 {
            if self.index.n + index_entries_to_write as u64 > self.header.index_allocated_entries {
                need_remap = true;
                self.expand_index_to(
                    (self.index.n + index_entries_to_write as u64) * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE,
                )?;
            }
            debug_assert!(
                self.index.n + index_entries_to_write as u64 <= self.header.index_allocated_entries
            );
            self.index.buffer[0..index_entries_to_write].sort_unstable();

            // format the index entries to write in the file byte order and
            // remove them from the index buffer.
            self.index.byte_buffer.clear();
            for entry in self.index.buffer.drain(0..index_entries_to_write) {
                self.index.byte_buffer.extend(&entry.to_ne_bytes());
            }
            self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(
                self.header.index_location + self.index.n * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE,
            ))?;
            self.file.write_all(&self.index.byte_buffer)?;
            self.index.n += index_entries_to_write as u64;

            self.file.sync_all()?;
        }

        if need_remap {
            self.remap()?;
        }

        self.file_frame = self.buffer_frame;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Expand the name list.
    fn expand_name_list_to(&mut self, capacity: u64) -> Result<(), SyncError> {
        let old_size = self.header.namelist_allocated_entries * NAME_SIZE;
        let mut new_size = old_size;
        while new_size <= capacity {
            new_size *= 2;
        }

        // Ensure that the new buffer size is a multiple of NAME_SIZE because
        // GSD files always allocate name lists in those multiples.
        let new_allocated_entries = new_size.div_ceil(NAME_SIZE);
        let new_size = new_allocated_entries * NAME_SIZE;
        let new_location = self.file.seek(SeekFrom::End(0))?;

        usize::try_from(new_location)
            .map_err(|_| SyncError::NameListOutOfBounds(new_location, new_size))?;
        usize::try_from(new_location + new_size)
            .map_err(|_| SyncError::NameListOutOfBounds(new_location, new_size))?;

        let old_start = usize::try_from(self.header.namelist_location)
            .expect("namelist should be validated addressable previously");
        let old_end =
            usize::try_from(self.header.namelist_location + self.name_list.insert_position)
                .expect("namelist should be validated addressable previously");
        self.file.write_all(&self.mmap[old_start..old_end])?;
        self.file.set_len(new_location + new_size)?;
        self.file_len = new_location + new_size;

        // Ensure that the new name list is in place before updating the
        // header. If one of the writes fails, the file could otherwise
        // be left in a state where the header points to a non-existent
        // name list.
        self.file.sync_all()?;

        self.header.namelist_location = new_location;
        self.header.namelist_allocated_entries = new_allocated_entries;
        self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(0))?;
        self.file.write_all(&self.header.to_ne_bytes())?;

        self.file.sync_all()?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Expand the index.
    fn expand_index_to(&mut self, capacity: u64) -> Result<(), SyncError> {
        let old_size = self.header.index_allocated_entries * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE;
        let mut new_size = old_size;
        while new_size <= capacity {
            new_size *= 2;
        }

        // Ensure that the new buffer size is a multiple of INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE
        // because GSD files always allocate indices in those multiples.
        let new_allocated_entries = new_size.div_ceil(INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE);
        let new_size = new_allocated_entries * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE;
        let new_location = self.file.seek(SeekFrom::End(0))?;

        usize::try_from(new_location)
            .map_err(|_| SyncError::IndexOutOfBounds(new_location, new_size))?;
        usize::try_from(new_location + new_size)
            .map_err(|_| SyncError::IndexOutOfBounds(new_location, new_size))?;

        let old_start = usize::try_from(self.header.index_location)
            .expect("index should be validated addressable previously");
        let old_end = usize::try_from(self.header.index_location + self.index.n * INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE)
            .expect("index should be validated addressable previously");
        if old_end > self.mmap.len() {
            return Err(SyncError::IndexOutOfBounds(
                old_start as u64,
                old_end as u64,
            ));
        }
        self.file.write_all(&self.mmap[old_start..old_end])?;
        self.file.set_len(new_location + new_size)?;
        self.file_len = new_location + new_size;

        // Ensure that the new index is in place before updating the
        // header. If one of the writes fails, the file could otherwise
        // be left in a state where the header points to a non-existent
        // index.
        self.file.sync_all()?;

        self.header.index_location = new_location;
        self.header.index_allocated_entries = new_allocated_entries;
        self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(0))?;
        self.file.write_all(&self.header.to_ne_bytes())?;

        self.file.sync_all()?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Get the file mode.
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn mode(&self) -> &Mode {
        &self.mode
    }
}

/// Automatically synchronize buffered data before closing the file.
///
/// [`GsdFile`] automatically calls [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all) when
/// dropped and ignores and errors. To check for any potential errors, call
/// [`sync_all`](GsdFile::sync_all) before dropping a [`GsdFile`].
impl Drop for GsdFile {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let _ = self.sync_all();
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use tempfile::tempdir;

    #[test]
    fn create_new() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        GsdFile::create_new(path.clone(), "application", "schema", (12, 42))?;

        let gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path.clone(), Mode::Read)?;
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.application(), "application");
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.schema(), "schema");
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.schema_version(), (12, 42));
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.n_frames(), 0);
        assert!(gsd_file.name_id().is_empty());

        assert!(matches!(
            GsdFile::create_new(path.clone(), "application", "schema", (12, 42)),
            Err(OpenError::IO(_, _))
        ));

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn open_write() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        GsdFile::create_new(path.clone(), "application", "schema", (12, 42))?;

        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path.clone(), Mode::Write)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("a", [1])?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        gsd_file.sync_all()?;

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn create_errors() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "application", "schema", (12, 42))?;

        let long_application = "a".repeat(64);
        let result = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), &long_application, "schema", (1, 0));
        assert!(matches!(result, Err(OpenError::NameTooLong(_))));

        let long_schema = "s".repeat(64);
        let result = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", &long_schema, (1, 0));
        assert!(matches!(result, Err(OpenError::NameTooLong(_))));

        let just_right_application = "a".repeat(63);
        let just_right_schema = "s".repeat(63);
        let result = GsdFile::create(
            path.clone(),
            &just_right_application,
            &just_right_schema,
            (1, 0),
        );
        assert!(result.is_ok());

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn maximum_write_buffer_size() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        *gsd_file.maximum_write_buffer_size_mut() = 8;
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.maximum_write_buffer_size(), 8);

        let initial_size = gsd_file.file.metadata()?.len();
        assert_eq!(initial_size, gsd_file.file_len);

        gsd_file
            .write_scalars::<u64, _>("a", [1])
            .expect("write should succeed");
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;

        let final_size = gsd_file.file.metadata()?.len();
        assert_eq!(final_size, gsd_file.file_len);
        assert_eq!(final_size, initial_size + 8);

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn sync_all() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        let initial_size = gsd_file.file.metadata()?.len();

        gsd_file.write_scalars::<u64, _>("a", [1])?;
        gsd_file.end_frame().expect("write should succeed");

        let final_size = gsd_file.file.metadata()?.len();
        assert_eq!(final_size, gsd_file.file_len);
        assert_eq!(final_size, initial_size);

        gsd_file.sync_all().expect("write should succeed");
        let final_size = gsd_file.file.metadata()?.len();
        assert_eq!(final_size, gsd_file.file_len);
        assert_eq!(final_size, initial_size + 8);

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn pending_index() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        gsd_file.write_scalars("a", [1])?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;

        gsd_file.write_scalars("a", [1])?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("b", [2])?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("c", [3])?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("d", [4])?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("e", [5])?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("f", [6])?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("g", [7])?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("h", [8])?;

        assert_eq!(gsd_file.n_frames(), 0);

        gsd_file.sync_all().expect("write should succeed");

        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(0, "a").is_some());
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.n_frames(), 1);

        // frame 1 should not be in the file yet.
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "a").is_none());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "b").is_none());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "c").is_none());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "d").is_none());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "e").is_none());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "f").is_none());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "g").is_none());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "h").is_none());

        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.n_frames(), 1);
        gsd_file.sync_all()?;
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.n_frames(), 2);

        // frame 1 should now contain all test chunks
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "a").is_some());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "b").is_some());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "c").is_some());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "d").is_some());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "e").is_some());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "f").is_some());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "g").is_some());
        assert!(gsd_file.find_chunk(1, "h").is_some());

        Ok(())
    }

    #[expect(clippy::too_many_lines, reason = "There are many data types to test")]
    #[test]
    fn all_types() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        let u8_data = [1, 2, 3];
        let u16_data = [4, 5, 6];
        let u32_data = [7, 8, 9];
        let u64_data = [10, 11, 12];
        let i8_data = [-1, -2, -3];
        let i16_data = [-4, -5, -6];
        let i32_data = [-7, -8, -9];
        let i64_data = [-10, -11, -12];
        let f32_data = [13.0, 14.0, 15.0];
        let f64_data = [16.0, 17.0, 18.0];
        let string_data = "Test string.";

        gsd_file.write_scalars("u8", u8_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("u16", u16_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("u32", u32_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("u64", u64_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("i8", i8_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("i16", i16_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("i32", i32_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("i64", i64_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("f32", f32_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars("f64", f64_data)?;
        gsd_file.write_string("string", string_data)?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        drop(gsd_file);

        let gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path.clone(), Mode::Read)?;
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.n_frames(), 1);

        let u8_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u8>(0, "u8")?;
        let u16_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u16>(0, "u16")?;
        let u32_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u32>(0, "u32")?;
        let u64_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u64>(0, "u64")?;
        let i8_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<i8>(0, "i8")?;
        let i16_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<i16>(0, "i16")?;
        let i32_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<i32>(0, "i32")?;
        let i64_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<i64>(0, "i64")?;
        let f32_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<f32>(0, "f32")?;
        let f64_array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<f64>(0, "f64")?;
        let string_array = gsd_file.read_string(0, "string")?;

        itertools::assert_equal(u8_array, u8_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(u16_array, u16_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(u32_array, u32_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(u64_array, u64_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(i8_array, i8_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(i16_array, i16_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(i32_array, i32_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(i64_array, i64_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(f32_array, f32_data);
        itertools::assert_equal(f64_array, f64_data);
        assert_eq!(string_array, string_data);

        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(u8::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<u8>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(u16::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<u16>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(u32::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<u32>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(u64::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<u64>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(i8::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<i8>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(i16::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<i16>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(i32::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<i32>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(i64::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<i64>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(f32::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<f32>()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            GsdFile::size_of(f64::gsd_data_type()).expect("data type should be valid"),
            size_of::<f64>()
        );

        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "u8")
                .expect("u8 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::U8)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "u16")
                .expect("u16 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::U16)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "u32")
                .expect("u32 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::U32)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "u64")
                .expect("c should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::U64)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "i8")
                .expect("i8 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::I8)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "i16")
                .expect("i16 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::I16)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "i32")
                .expect("i32 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::I32)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "i64")
                .expect("i64 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::I64)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "f32")
                .expect("f32 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::F32)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "f64")
                .expect("f64 should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::F64)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            gsd_file
                .find_chunk(0, "string")
                .expect("string should be written above")
                .data_type(),
            Some(DataType::String)
        );

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn dimensions() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        let initial_size = gsd_file
            .file
            .metadata()
            .expect("metadata should be valid")
            .len();

        gsd_file.write_scalars::<u64, _>("a", [])?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars::<u64, _>("b", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])?;

        gsd_file.write_arrays("c", [[1_u64, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;

        gsd_file.sync_all()?;
        let final_size = gsd_file.file.metadata()?.len();
        assert_eq!(final_size, gsd_file.file_len);
        assert_eq!(final_size, initial_size + (12 * size_of::<u64>()) as u64);

        drop(gsd_file);

        let gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path.clone(), Mode::Read)?;
        assert_eq!(gsd_file.n_frames(), 2);

        let array_a = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u64>(0, "a")?;
        assert_eq!(array_a.len(), 0);

        let array_b = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u64>(1, "b")?;
        assert_eq!(array_b.len(), 6);
        itertools::assert_equal(array_b, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

        // Scalar data can be read as an array with M=1.
        let array_b = gsd_file.iter_arrays::<u64, 1>(1, "b")?;
        assert_eq!(array_b.len(), 6);
        itertools::assert_equal(array_b, [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]]);

        let array_c = gsd_file.iter_arrays::<u64, 3>(1, "c")?;
        itertools::assert_equal(array_c, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]);

        let entry_a = gsd_file
            .find_chunk(0, "a")
            .expect("a should be written above");
        assert_eq!(entry_a.frame(), 0);
        assert_eq!(entry_a.rows(), 0);
        assert_eq!(entry_a.columns(), 1);
        assert_eq!(entry_a.data_type(), Some(DataType::U64));

        let entry_b = gsd_file
            .find_chunk(1, "b")
            .expect("a should be written above");
        assert_eq!(entry_b.frame(), 1);
        assert_eq!(entry_b.rows(), 6);
        assert_eq!(entry_b.columns(), 1);
        assert_eq!(entry_b.data_type(), Some(DataType::U64));

        let entry_c = gsd_file
            .find_chunk(1, "c")
            .expect("c should be written above");
        assert_eq!(entry_c.frame(), 1);
        assert_eq!(entry_c.rows(), 2);
        assert_eq!(entry_c.columns(), 3);
        assert_eq!(entry_c.data_type(), Some(DataType::U64));

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_writes() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        let result = gsd_file.write_arrays::<u64, _, 0>("a", []);
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(WriteError::Encode(_, _, EncodeError::InvalidColumns(_)))
        ));

        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path.clone(), Mode::Read)?;

        let result = gsd_file.write_scalars::<u64, _>("a", []);
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(WriteError::Encode(_, _, EncodeError::NotWritable))
        ));

        let result = gsd_file.end_frame();
        assert!(matches!(result, Err(EncodeError::NotWritable)));

        let result = gsd_file.sync_all();
        assert!(matches!(result, Err(SyncError::NotWritable)));

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn duplicate_chunk_name() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        gsd_file.write_scalars("a", [1])?;
        let result = gsd_file.write_scalars("a", [1, 2]);
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(WriteError::Encode(
                _,
                _,
                EncodeError::DuplicateChunkName(_, _)
            ))
        ));

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_invalid_reads() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        gsd_file.write_scalars("a", [1_u64])?;
        gsd_file.write_arrays("b", [[1_u64, 2], [3, 4]])?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        gsd_file.sync_all()?;

        let result = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u32>(0, "a");
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(ReadError::Decode(_, _, DecodeError::InvalidType(_, _)))
        ));

        let result = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u64>(0, "b");
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(ReadError::Decode(_, _, DecodeError::InvalidColumns(1, 2)))
        ));

        let result = gsd_file.iter_arrays::<u64, 2>(0, "a");
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(ReadError::Decode(_, _, DecodeError::InvalidColumns(2, 1)))
        ));

        let result = gsd_file.iter_arrays::<u64, 8>(0, "b");
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(ReadError::Decode(_, _, DecodeError::InvalidColumns(8, 2)))
        ));

        let result = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u32>(1, "a");
        assert!(matches!(result, Err(ReadError::ChunkNotFound(_, _))));

        let result = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u32>(0, "q");
        assert!(matches!(result, Err(ReadError::ChunkNotFound(_, _))));

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn chunk_name_limit() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        for i in 0..u16::MAX {
            gsd_file.write_scalars::<u64, _>(&format!("{i:x}"), [])?;
        }

        let i = u16::MAX;
        let result = gsd_file.write_scalars::<u64, _>(&format!("{i:x}"), []);
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(WriteError::Encode(_, _, EncodeError::NameListOverflow))
        ));

        drop(gsd_file);

        let gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path.clone(), Mode::Read)?;

        assert_eq!(gsd_file.name_id().len(), u16::MAX as usize);
        for i in 0..u16::MAX {
            assert!(gsd_file.name_id().contains_key(&format!("{i:x}")));
        }

        let size = gsd_file.file.metadata()?.len();
        assert_eq!(size, gsd_file.file_len);

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn expand_index_multi() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        const N_ENTRIES: u16 = 1024;

        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        for i in 0..N_ENTRIES {
            gsd_file.write_scalars::<u16, _>(&format!("{i:x}"), [i])?;
        }
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        gsd_file.sync_all()?;

        drop(gsd_file);

        let gsd_file = GsdFile::open(path.clone(), Mode::Read)?;

        assert_eq!(gsd_file.index.n, u64::from(N_ENTRIES));
        for i in 0..N_ENTRIES {
            let array = gsd_file.iter_scalars::<u16>(0, &format!("{i:x}"))?;
            itertools::assert_equal(array, [i]);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn string() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let tmp_dir = tempdir()?;
        let path = tmp_dir.path().join("test.gsd");
        let mut gsd_file = GsdFile::create(path.clone(), "a", "s", (1, 0))?;

        gsd_file.write_string("a", "this is a string")?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        gsd_file.write_scalars::<u8, _>("b", [0, 159, 146, 150])?;
        gsd_file.end_frame()?;
        gsd_file.sync_all()?;

        let a = gsd_file.read_string(0, "a")?;
        assert_eq!(a, "this is a string");

        let b = gsd_file.read_string(1, "b");
        assert!(matches!(
            b,
            Err(ReadError::Decode(_, _, DecodeError::InvalidType(11, 1)))
        ));

        Ok(())
    }
}